Economics of Baseball Revenue Sharing Free Essays

Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing Major League Baseball is the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada. The organization is comprised of a partnership between the National League, founded in 1876, and the American League, founded in 1901. There are currently 30 teams in Major League Baseball, 14 in the American League and 16 in the National League. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Since 1903, the best of both of these leagues have met in the World Series, with the winner of the best-of-7 series being declared World Champion† (Burnett). When the World Series ends, baseball’s business season starts. Receipts are tallied to determine how much the teams that earned the most will have to pay the teams that have earned the least. Large market teams like the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Chicago cubs â€Å"have an overwhelming advantage over smaller market teams which created an uneven playing field† (Alice). Revenue sharing gives small market teams like the Kansas City Royals, Tampa Bay Rays, Florida Marlins, and the Pittsburgh Pirates, a better chance at success by providing more resources to improve their roster. In 1999, a â€Å"blue ribbon† panel commissioned by MLB found that â€Å"baseball franchises traditionally generate and retain a large majority of their revenue locally† (Jacobson) rather than nationally, causing a large and growing revenue disparity. Vince Gennaro, author of Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning In Baseball, found that 70 to 80 percent of a team’s total revenue is contributed to local revenue. Local revenues consist of gate receipts, local television, radio and cable rights fees, ballpark concessions, advertising and publications, parking, suite rentals, postseason, and spring training. Revenues that are retained locally are a problem because all teams participate in the same national labor market. MLB has no salary cap; therefore, it is the teams’ decision how much they spend on payroll. The teams with the largest revenues have higher payrolls and are able to obtain and make offers on players that teams with lower payrolls cannot. As big market teams began setting up their own sports networks on cable, the revenue disparities accelerated. The clubs started profiting directly from subscriber fees and advertising sales. At the same ime, other clubs began to benefit from building new stadiums. According to the Report of the Independent Member of the Commissioner’s Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics, the amount of a club’s payroll is determined by the amount of the club’s revenue and it has been argued that â€Å"the size of a club’s payroll is the most important factor in determining how competitive the club will be† (Ela njin and Pachamanova). It showed in just five years the ratio of local revenues between the top seven clubs and the bottom fourteen clubs more than doubled from 5. :1 in 1995 to 14. 7:1 in 1999, because of fast growth rates on already large revenues (8). The ratio of payroll spending between the highest and lowest clubs went from 2:1 in the 1980s to 3. 5:1 in the 1990s (9). From 1995 to 1999, no clubs from the 14 lowest payroll-spending teams won a Division Series game or a League Championship game and no clubs from the bottom 23 clubs won a World Series game (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 2-9). All of the World Series Championships have been won by one of the top payroll spending teams. The conclusion was drawn that these problems were getting worse and unless the MLB took action, the problems would remain severe. They would have to break more than a century’s worth of tradition, â€Å"to ensure baseball’s broad and enduring popularity, and to guarantee it’s future growth† (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 13). The panel recommended that the league should impose revenue sharing, a competitive balance tax, central fund distributions, a competitive balance draft, reforms to the Rule 4 Draft, and should utilize franchise relocation. Revenue sharing money comes from two pools. The first is central funds revenue, which comes from national television and radio deals, MLB Advanced Media, merchandise sales, and the MLB network. The other is net local revenue, which comes from ticket sales, concessions and media deals that each club negotiates individually. â€Å"Against that money, each club is hit with a marginal rate of 31 percent, which is applied across the board to each of the 30 clubs† (Brown). In October 2006, the MLB and the players association reached an agreement that requires all teams to pay 34 percent into a common pool, which is than split evenly among all 30 teams. The Competitive Balance tax, also known as the Luxury Tax, penalizes teams with high payrolls by making them pay a tax rate to the MLB central fund, based on how far they go over their payroll ceiling on opening day. Only four teams have broken the threshold since it was put in place in 2003, the Yankees, Red Sox, Angels and, Tigers. The Yankees have â€Å"exceeded it every year, paying $25,689,173 last year, a high of $33,978,702 in 2005, and a grand total of $174,183,419 over seven years† (Brown). As of 2010, clubs are taxed if they exceed $170 million in total player payroll. Teams who exceed this amount get a further â€Å"repeat offenders† penalty, which raises the percentage they pay to 40 percent. In 2009 alone, $433 million of wealth was transferred from high to low revenue teams (Brown). Major League’s revenue sharing agreement does not dictate what the recipients must do with the money once it is received. Simply stated by Baseball’s collective bargaining agreement, all that is required by teams is that they must use their revenue sharing money â€Å"in an effort to improve its performance on the field†. This is so vague; the money can virtually go anywhere, even the club owner’s pockets. The main problem is that the teams receiving payments use them as their primary source of income. This allows them to keep their payrolls low but continue to receive large revenue sharing payments. Two of the biggest offenders of this are the Florida Marlins and the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2003, the Marilins won the World Series with a team of â€Å"great young players† and â€Å"talented veterans† that included Josh Beckett, Brad Penny, Mike Lowell, and Ivan Rodriguez. That year, the team had a payroll of $49. 5 million (Cohen). Rather than keeping the players that made up that payroll, they traded Penny and Beckett for much cheaper players, and lost Lowell and Rodriguez to free agency. â€Å"By shedding these stars, Florida was able to cut its payroll down to $14. 9 million in 2006, which is less than 20% of the Major League average of $78 million. It was also less than half of th e $31 million in revenue sharing dollars the team received that year. † Instead of using the money to buy or retain talented players, the owners used it as part of the teams $43 million profit in 2006 (Ray). The most extreme example of revenue sharing offenders has been the Tampa Bay Rays. From 2002 to 2006, the Rays received an average of $32 million a year in revenue sharing payments (Ray). In 2006, the team had a payroll of $35. 4 million (Cohen), $42 million less than the 2006 league average. â€Å"It won only 38 percent of its games and filled less than 40 percent of its seats for home games†¦ and collected more than $30 million in revenue sharing† (Lewis). Other teams, like the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Kansas City Royals, also received significant revenue sharing money but have kept their payrolls low. In Contrast, teams like the Colorado Rockies, have not been so frugal with their money. They received $16 million in 2006 and increased their payroll by around $15 million the following season (Lewis). Since 1999, millions of dollars have been transferred from richer big market teams to poorer small market teams in an attempt to create competitive balance and allow all 30 teams to share in the economic advantages associated with playing in big market teams; a large fan base, lots of press coverage, lucrative cable television contracts, and high payrolls and revenues. However, baseball doesn’t force revenue sharing recipients to use the money on payroll. All that is required is that the team uses the money to improve the product on the field. The system hasn’t restored any true competitive balance for the league since, generally speaking, we see the same teams in the World Series year after year. The stark reality is that lower payroll and smaller market teams can make more money by losing than they can by winning because of revenue sharing. So long as the rules and regulation in Major League Baseball remain lax and enforcement stays nonexistent, teams will continue to take advantage of the system. Work Cited Alice, Lynette. â€Å"Examining why MLB revenue sharing doesn’t work. † Helium. 2002-2010 Helium, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Brown, Maury. â€Å"Revenue Sharing Is Making An Impact. † Baseball America. 2 Mar. 2010. Baseball America, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Burnett, Dashielle. â€Å"Major League Baseball. † Business Insider. 6 Dec 2010. Business Insider, Inc. 11 Dec. 2010. Cohen, Gary. The Baseball Cube Statistics. 2002. 17 Dec. 2010 Elanjian, Michael, and Dessislava A. Pachamanova. â€Å"Is Revenue Sharing Working for Major League Baseball? A Historical Perspective†. The Sport Journal. Volume 12. Number 2. United States Sports Academy, 2009. 8 Dec. 2010. Gennaro, Vince. Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning in Baseball. Hingham, Massachusetts: Maple Street Press, 2007. Jacobson, David. â€Å"MLB’s Revenue-Sharing Formula. † BNET – The CBS Interactive Business Network. 14 July 2008. CBS Interactive. 8 Dec. 2010. Levin, Richard C. , George J. Mitchell, Paul A. Volcker, and George F. Will. â€Å"The Report of the Independent Members of the Commissioners Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics†. The Official Site of Major League Baseball. MLB Advanced Media, L. P. , July 2000. PDF. 11 Dec. 2010. Lewis, Michael. â€Å"Baseball’s Losing Formula. † The New York Times. 3 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010. Ray, James Lincoln. â€Å"Baseball’s Revenue Sharing Problem: Major League Baseball Hurt By Teams Who Don’t Spend Money On Players. † Suite101. 12 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010 How to cite Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing, Essay examples

Professional Nursing Perspectives on Communication

Question: Describe about the Professional Nursing for Perspectives on Communication. Answer: Nurses need to build a strong therapeutic relationship with their clients to deliver patient-centered care (Cunico et al., 2012). Nurses need to ensure secure and efficient communication when dealing with the patient as it is recognized as a cornerstone of safe and effective therapeutic relationships. A patient requires an environment that is rich in confidentiality, trust, safety, empathy, understanding and respect. The communication skills, which are essential for a therapeutic relationship, are respect, reflective listening, sensitivity, self-awareness, and empathy. The essay discusses these skills for a therapeutic relationship in subsequent sections and ones, which are essential to meet the NMBA (Nursing and Midwifery Association) RN (registered nurse) standards for practice related to engagement in therapeutic and professional relationships (2016). Nurses need communication skills not only for the patient but also when dealing with other colleagues and health professionals to f oster the culture of safety and learning, share knowledge and practice that promotes patient-centered care (Glass, 2010). The essay ends with the conclusion containing integrated overview of the discussion. Nurses must maintain patients respect and dignity of the patient, which is the central concept in nursing. Respect can be defined as realizing the worth, dignity, and uniqueness of a person irrespective of personal attributes, nature of the illness and the socioeconomic status (Harvey Koteyko, 2012). Respect refers to the position or a quality of being esteemed. Respect in nursing profession demands engagement and is concerned with value. The nurse needs to treat the patient with worth, value and respect their culture, rights, and beliefs (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). According to Glass, (2010) respect is an action to be performed and not merely an emotion and is a way to show compassion to the patients for their healing during their struggle with illness. The responsibility of upholding the standards of care rests on the nurses; therefore "humanity, respect and dignity" should be the foundations of the nursing practice (Rooke, 2014). Respecting patient leads to the positive impact on patients health as it uplifts their self-esteem and confidence. This strengthens the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient. These components help in promoting mental health and preventing mental illness. It helps to understand clients aspirations in life, priorities, limits, abilities, and needs. Therefore, nurses can respond accordingly to comfort and relieve the suffering of the patients. This induces the patients and colleagues to respond positively to such positive attitude and reignite confidence to recover (Henry et al., 2015). Reflective listening is the communication skill where the listener focuses on the conversation minimizing any possible distraction (Bulman Schutz, 2013). The communication strategy that involves listening to the speakers idea and offering back the same idea to confirm if it was well understood by the listener is called as reflective listening. It is a method used by nurses to embrace the perspective of the clients without being judgmental. Repetition, paraphrasing and summarizing are the element applied when the reflective listening is practiced. Reflective listening is also essential when communicative with other health professionals and colleagues to develop strong collaboration. According to the second NMBA standard of "therapeutic and professional relationship," nurses need to understand the fact that all the patients have different lived experiences in their life due to diseases (Griffith Tengnah, 2014). In therapeutic setting reflective listening has been found to play a positive role. Reflective listening also encourages the nurse-patient relationship to be more open and active. Better the therapeutic relationship the more is the disclosure of the feelings (Barbosa et al., 2013). It is encouraging to patients when they know that the medical practitioner is listening to them and it allows speaking clearly and concisely. This further improves the cognitive content, which better helps in problem solving with patient by effective counseling (Fedoruk Hofmeyer, 2012). The patient feels accepted without any reasonable judgments. The patient is encouraged to express their feelings and emotions. Through this, the nurse has an opportunity to identify the patients uncomfortable feelings, the various emotions displayed and prepare to better focus on the clinical situation. Empathy is the communication skill that demonstrates the presence of emotional and intellectual awareness of thoughts, perspectives, behavior and feelings of another person even those that are unpleasant or disturbing (Cunico et al., 2012). Empathy is necessary for nurses to support patients and direct them to resources "to optimize health-related decisions (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards, 2016). However, nurses must be able to differentiate the boundaries between the personal and professional relationship (Barbosa et al., 2013). In nursing, empathy plays an essential role by helping the patient feel understood and accepted strengthening the therapeutic relationship. Empathy improves the coping skills of the patient as they respond positively on being accepted and respond accordingly to the nurses efforts. Patients treated by empathic nurse progresses in treatment faster than those who do not get the same service (Moss, 2015). Through clinical empathy, a nurse can understand the needs, situation of the patient, their feeling, and perspectives. Through empathy, the nurse can help people overcome negative experiences by acting on the understanding in a therapeutic manner (Webb, 2011). Sensitivity is the ability or the quality to understand the concerns of other people (Rooke, 2014). Cultural sensitivity also allows efficient delivery of patient care by understanding the faith, gender, disability, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race. Nurses must be sensitive to cultures other than their own, such awareness and sensitivity determines better patient outcomes (Mareno Hart, 2014). On the other hand, the prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, portray the lack of sensitivity and are major barriers to the delivery of culturally competent care. Sensitivity improves the ethical performance of the nurses as well as strengthens the therapeutic relationship between the nurses and the patients. Nurses sensitivity of Patients traumatic experiences, pain and agony had better allow them to meet the care needs and bridge the communication gap with the patients. Sensitivity helps nurses to realize the fears of the patient and the coping skills. Therefore, nurses can respond to the challenging situation without losing connection with others (Hoeve et al., 2014). Lack of sensitivity increases stress among nurses and decreases the ability of problem-solving which in turns also affects their moral sensitivity (Lawrence, Kiernan, 2015). An individual with self-awareness has consciousness knowledge about one's individuality and personality. It is the ability to introspect one's feelings, character, desires, and motives (Sans et al., 2015). This self-awareness is important in the life of a nurse and the therapeutic relationship with the patients. With self-awareness, a nurse can change the thoughts and interpretations made in mind. According to Chambers et al., (2013) self-awareness is the key attribute of emotional intelligence and an essential factor for success. A nurse with high self-awareness is better able to take control of the situation. It is beneficial when communicating with and caring the patient. Before helping patients, nurses should have clarity in thoughts and behavior patterns to understand and empathize facilitating better personal and professional relationships (Mareno Hart, 2014). Nurse with self-awareness can promote problem solving in the patients. Without self-awareness, it is difficult for the nurses to affirm qualities and actions of the patients (Zeller Levin, 2013). There are several communication barriers to develop effective therapeutic relationship. These include shortage of nurses, language barrier, fear, education and experience gaps (Webb, 2011). In hospital, patients visit from diverse cultures and linguistic background. Nurses who are not culturally competent are unable to communicate and develop therapeutic relationship with patients. Shortage of nurses increases physical and emotional stress and job burnout due which nurses fail to meet the care needs of the clients leading to their dissatisfaction and poor patient retention. Further, less experienced or educated nurse finds difficult to understand the medical terminology, concepts which adds to confusion and errors. These communication barriers may lead to misdiagnosis and therefore, communication improvement plans are essential to overcome such barrier. Engaging in reflective practice is an effective method to overcome communication barriers. It helps to identify personal merits and demerits. Further, nurses must develop cultural competency by understanding and respecting the values of other culture. They may undertake training to enhance these skills. In addition, nurses must involve in continuous education and learning process that will eventually develop their knowledge and communication skills (). In conclusion, therapeutic relationship ensures meaningful therapy. Applying the nursing principles to the practice require nurses to be transparent, therapeutic and ethical with the patients and colleagues and discuss any issue of major concern related to a profession with trusted colleague. Self-awareness, empathy, sensitivity, genuineness and reflective listening are essential components to build the effective therapeutic relationship with patients. A nurse demonstrating these communication skills discussed in the essay can win patients trust and promote positive mental health. In professional relationship RNs achieve improved health outcome using delegation, supervision, consultation, coordination and referrals in professional relationships (Rooke, 2014). The NMBA standard also requires nurses to report the notifiable conduct of health professionals, colleagues, and others. Therapeutic relationship with colleagues is essential to foster good career prospects and learn ways to imp rove practice. According to Griffith Tengnah, (2014) it is the nursing principle to help colleagues to prevent the breach of professional boundaries and report any violations to the authority (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). References Barbosa, P., Raymond, G., Zlotnick, C., Wilk, J., Toomey III, R., Mitchell III, J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training is associated with greater empathy and reduced anxiety for health care graduate students.Education for Health,26(1), 9. Bulman, C., Schutz, S. (Eds.). (2013).Reflective practice in nursing. John Wiley Sons. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013).Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Cengage Learning. Chambers, D., Thompson, S., Narayanasamy, A. (2013). Engendering cultural responsive care: A reflective model for nurse education.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,3(1), 70. Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: A longitudinal cohort study.Journal of Clinical Nursing,21(13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 14), 2016-2025. Fedoruk, M., Hofmeyer, A. (2012). Becoming a nurse: Transition to practice. Australia: Oxford. Felstead, I. (2013). Role modeling and students' professional development.British Journal of Nursing,22(4), 10-15. Glass, N. (2010).Interpersonal relating: Health care perspectives on communication, stress and crisis. Palgrave Macmillan Australia. Griffith, R., Tengnah, C. (2014).Law and professional issues in nursing. Learning Matters. Harvey, K., Koteyko, N. (2012).Exploring health communication: language in action. Routledge. Henry, L. M., Rushton, C., Beach, M. C., Faden, R. (2015). Respect and dignity: A conceptual model for patients in the Intensive Care Unit.Narrative inquiry in Bioethics,5(1), 5A-14A. Hoeve, Y. T., Jansen, G., Roodbol, P. (2014). The nursing profession: public image, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ concept and professional identity. A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing,70(2), 295-309. Lawrence, J., Perrin, C., Kiernan, E. (2015).Building Professional Nursing Communication. Cambridge University Press. Mareno, N., Hart, P. L. (2014). Cultural competency among nurses with undergraduate and graduate degrees: implications for nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives,35(2), 83-88. Moss, B. (2015).Communication skills in health and social care. Sage. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, (2016). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 6 October 2016, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/ Rooke, N. (2014). An evaluation of nursing and midwifery sign off mentors, new mentors and nurse lecturers' understanding of the sign off mentor role. Nurse Education in Practice,14(1), 43-48. Sans, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., Benito, E. (2015). Palliative care professionals' inner life: exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(2), 200-207. Webb, L. (2011).Nursing: Communication skills in practice. Oxford University Press. Zeller, J. M., Levin, P. F. (2013). Mindfulness interventions to reduce stress among nursing personnel: An occupational health perspective. Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 85.

Can Hot Water Freeze Faster Than Cold Water

How to Quickly Land A Job As A New Graduate [Infographic]

How to Quickly Land A Job As A New Graduate [Infographic] Congratulations on graduating! Your day has finally come. All of those sleepless nights spent cramming for your  exams have finally paid off! Goodbye ramen, hello filet mignon! But first, it’s time for that dreaded job search. Making yourself employable when you have little to no experience is no easy task. After all, you spent 4 years partying, microwaving ramen, and pulling all nighters because you waited until the day before your exam to study. There wasn’t a lot of time to work on your â€Å"marketability†. So what do you do now? As a new graduate, employers know you are not going to have a lot of experience. You’re going in for an entry level position, so most of the time, expectations will be reasonable. However, you’re not the only one applying for that entry level position. You’re competing with your fellow graduates. So the best way to get your foot in the door as a new graduate is to perform these 11 steps so that you can paint a vibrant picture and stand out as an awesome candidate!  Source:[Bellvue]

VISC 1004-01 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

VISC 1004-01 Final - Essay Example ree films was developed in different historical moments, all the films present the same social biases, whether it is the biases related to the relationship between the rich and the poor or the biases related to the intimate relationship between individuals of two different races. However, in all the films, the female gender seems to suffer the most social prejudices, since their choice of happiness is rarely appreciated by the people in their lives, whether their families or their friends. The Far from Heaven (2002) is a film that was developed in the 21st century, telling of the story of a love relationship that eventually becomes disapproved by the society. Cathy Whitaker is a rich woman who happens to be living in a marriage that has no happiness and no sexual fulfillment, until she comes to learn very late that her husband, Frank, was also a gay (Haynes, n.p.). In the course of her stressed life, Cathy Whitaker happens to come across Raymond Deagan, who is the son of her former gardener who is already dead (Haynes, n.p.). Due to the unfulfilling marriage that Cathy Whitaker lives in, she develops passionate feelings towards Raymond, which eventually turns into love feelings that see both establish an intimate relationship. However, considering that Cathy Whitaker is a rich woman who is courting Raymond; a black and poor man, the society applies its social biases and prejudices against the black race and against the relationship between the rich and the poor, to ev entually separate the two. Three white boys abuses Raymond’s daughter, causing Raymond to decide never to engage with a white woman again (Haynes, n.p.). The whole neighborhood is also spreading word about the unethical relationship between Cathy Whitaker, a married woman, and a black poor man, causing Cathy Whitaker to be the laughing stock of the whole neighborhood. The same script is repeated in the film Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974), where Emmi, a German widow in her 60s gets engaged with a

Cause and Effect essay on The MIsfit in A good Man is Hard To FInd

Cause and Effect on The MIsfit in A good Man is Hard To FInd - Essay Example The views expressed by The Misfit are not simple, though, and there are many factors in his life that have lead him to become the person that he is. To begin examining The Misfits views, we should start with the remote causes of the Misfits agnosticism. Growing up in the South, he would have grown up with a strong religious background. He even states that his parents were good people: â€Å"God never made a finer woman than my mother and my daddy’s heart was pure gold† (456). While it may be possible that The Misfit is being sarcastic or overly-patronizing, his brutal honesty throughout would seem to contradict this. At one point he states that he â€Å"was a gospel singer for a while† (457), furthering to depict The Misfit as a man with a strong religious background. Without a religious background in which The Misfit would have learned the religious views of Christianity, he wouldn’t have seen any contradictions inherent and would have no reason to be agnostic. As far as remote causes expressed, the first time that The Misfit makes a statement showing his less than believing nature can also be viewed as a remote cause. When the grandmother asks why he doesn’t pray, the Misfit replies â€Å"I don’t need no hep†¦I’m doing all right by myself† (458). If The Misfit has no need for God, then there isn’t any need for him to try to make himself believe in something that he sees as contradictory, and this serves as an additional reason as to why The Misfit is agnostic. To move closer to the causes and effects of The Misfits agnosticism, we will need to discuss the contributory causes. These can be summed up by saying that The Misfit feels as though he has been wronged and life in general doesn’t seem to be fair or have a sense of justice. To illustrate this, The Misfit states that he â€Å"never was a bad boy that I remember of†¦but somewhere along the line I done something wrong and got sent to the penitentiary. I was buried alive† (457).

Police recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police recruitment - Essay Example The enrollment and retention of police officers is a significant challenge for police agents. This problem is exacerbated by pending retirements, local budget crises, military calls, heavy competition by qualified applicants and the ever changing work preferences of the young people. All these issues are arising at a time when there are increased homeland security demands and high levels of crime in American cities. Many police agencies find difficulties in recruiting minority and female officers. Also, the economic downturn if late 2008 and early 2009 presented profound setbacks on the budgets of local agencies (Rand.org). The impact of the economic downturn was enough to impede the ability of local police departments to maintain a proper workforce. The agencies are unable to recruit more police officers into their ranks. Other agencies went further to lay off police officers and institute hiring freezes. Even in times of financial difficulty, it is important to carry out proper rec ruitment strategies. The law enforcement agencies success starts with its recruitment strategies. Hiring and retaining shortcomings that have plagued the law enforcement agencies all over the United States persist today. Many applicants who are mainly recruited for policing are being recruited by other industries. Small and rural police departments are finding it impossible to compete against their larger counterparts in the hiring efforts. With the changing demographics, law enforcement agencies must ensure that their department’s staff represents the communities they serve.