Personal Counseling: Theory of Change Essay -- Psychology

Over the last 100 years, the underpinning concepts in the fields of psychology and counseling were wrought. Within this period, these concepts have transformed and evolved from somewhat crude conceptions of the psyche toward more holistic interventions and approaches. As the profession continues to move forward, adaptations of the original theorists regarding the nature of man and the development of personality continue to emerge. These adaptations, along with the integration of new concepts and ideas, continue to contribute to the field. The author describes his view of man and human nature, personality development, and explores potential implications for counseling. Nature of Man The work of Sigmund Freud continues to influence contemporary practice, as many of his basic concepts remain the foundation from which other theorists develop. Freud described life instincts, a central tenant of the Freudian approach, as instincts that serve the purpose of survival for man as well as the human race. Glasser’s Choice Theory maintains that human behavior is internally motivated by five genetic impulses. The first noted among these impulses is survival (Skeen, 2002; Wubbolding, 2005). Man is a carnal being, sharing the same defensive and predatory instincts found throughout the animal kingdom. Man has basic needs and is driven towards satisfying them. When examining the development of the human brain, it is known the first portion to develop is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the seat of human life support systems and our natural instincts. Sharing the fight or flight responses, the experience of apprehension towards looming animals or objects, and a need to live and reproduce are innate. These all may be experienced to differen... ... Journal of Individual Psychology, 38(1), 1-6. Adler, K. A. (1994). Socialist influences on Adlerian psychology. Individual Psychology, 50(2), 131-141. Day, S. X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychology. Boston: Lahaska. Manaster, G. J. (1987). Adlerian theory and movement. Individual Psychology, 43(3), 280-287. Minor, J. (2007). Some reasons why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 320-323. Shaughnessy, M. F., & Mahan, V. (2002). An interview with Albert Ellis about rational emotive behavior therapy. North American Journal of Psychiatry, 4(3), 355-366. Skeen, J. W. (2002). Choice theory, virtue ethics, and the sixth need. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 21(1), 14-19. Wubbolding, R. E. (2005). The power of belonging. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 24(2), 43-44.

Knowledge of the business Essay

Another research study, by Michael J. P. Whyte (2004), called Enterprise Architecture – the Key to Benefits Realization, stresses the importance of being aware of exactly what the business is about before change management can be implemented. Whyte (2004) discusses why business who have installed increasing amounts of computing hardware and software over the last three or four decades have not been able to realize the expected benefits (p. 2). In his study, Whyte outlines the following contributing factors that have lead to such non-realization of benefits: ? Manner in which IS projects proceed. Whyte criticizes most projects for merely being stuck in the discovery phase of the project. This involves simply defining the current situation, systems or processes. During the discovery phase of a project, certain architecture-like artefacts are produced, such as process diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, and infrastructure diagrams, all of which form the basis for the new project. According to Whyte, the fundamental problems with these artefacts are that they are created within the context of the project, and are thus seldom correct and almost never complete. They deal with the aggregates found in the current situation and do not identify the primitives upon which the new architecture must be based. As a result, these â€Å"artefacts† are not maintained and extended after the project is completed, precisely because they were based on the current situation prior to implementation of the project (Whyte, 2004, p. 3). ? The silver bullet mentality According to Whyte, this is another major obstacle in benefits realization. Whyte criticizes how vendors offer the latest and greatest hardware, the newest and most complete software suite, or the most up-to-date methodology to help companies in implementing their benefits realization programs. The problem with these offers, according to Whyte, is that they do not fit together. They cannot fit into any overall scheme which satisfies a particular organization’s needs since the organization’s needs are undefined in the first place (Whyte, 2004, p. 4). Whyte recommends what is called Enterprise Architecture to deal with the two factors identified above. Enterprise Architecture helps the organization to full define its current state and to precisely determine the things that need to be changed. All aspects of the propose change can be quickly assess and the results can be analysed and quantified. Enterprise Architecture involves both the integration of the business aspect and IS in change management. It provides a means to capture the knowledge which makes the business work, and makes this knowledge available for the ongoing benefit of the business. In other words, it provides a blueprint of the business, a complete picture of the business and all the components which make the business work. Such knowledge is quantified and captured as data so that it can produce information to be used by another person in a company, making change management thus not person or individual-centred. When a person who instigated the change management leaves, his or her replacement can easily pick up where he left off since knowledge of how the business works is readily available (Whyte, 2004, pp. 4-6). In obtaining this knowledge, Enterprise Architecture involves the use of the Zachman Framework. This framework involves the use of thirty models which are required to fully define an enterprise. Each model must be explicitly recognized and implemented. According to Whyte, â€Å"Each row of the Zachman Framework takes a unique perspective of the enterprise (planner, owner, designer, builder, subcontractor). Each column deals with a primitive interrogative (what, how, where, who, when, why). Each of the thirty intersections of these rows and columns identifies a unique model of the enterprise. Each model is unique – it is not an elaboration of a higher level model. Each higher level row provides requirements for the row beneath, but each perspective, hence, each model is unique† (Whyte, 2004, p. 6). â€Å"All models in a column are related by a fundamental meta-model (entity-relationship, function-argument, node-link, agent-work, time-cycle, ends-means). As the models are developed ‘as is’ for an enterprise, it is unavoidable that discontinuities will be discovered between the higher level models (planner’s and owner’s perspective) and the lower level models (builder’s and sub-contractor’s perspective). This is because current corporate systems have usually been built starting at the lowest levels with no regard to the higher level models. So naturally, the functioning enterprise is NOT a true representation of what the corporate management desires† (Whyte, 2004, p. 7). In other words, Whyte recommends Enterprise Architecture as the means to bind an organization’s business side and IS side into a fully functional whole entity. Knowledge of the entire enterprise, from top to bottom, is necessary in order to determine not only the current situation but the framework on which change management should be based on.

Definition and Examples of Broadening in English

Broadening is a type of semantic change by which the meaning of a word becomes broader or more inclusive than its earlier meaning. Also known as semantic broadening, generalization, expansion, or extension. The opposite process is called semantic narrowing, with a word taking on a more restricted meaning than it had before. As Victoria Fromkin points out, When the meaning of a word becomes broader, it means everything it used to mean and more (An Introduction to Language, 2013). Examples and Observations Broadening of meaning . . . occurs when a word with a specific or limited meaning is widened. The broadening process is technically called generalization. An example of generalization is the word business, which originally meant the state of being busy, careworn, or anxious, and was broadened to encompass all kinds of work or occupations.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meaning. Random House, 2008)Cool: Sometimes the use of existing words can become broader. For example, the slang word cool was originally part of the professional jargon of jazz musicians and referred to a specific artistic style of jazz (a use that was itself an extension). With the passage of time, the word has come to be applied to almost anything conceivable, not just music; and it no longer refers just to a certain genre or style, but is a general term indicating approval of the thing in question.(Adrian Akmajian, Richard Demers, Ann Farmer, and Robert Harnish, Linguistics: An Introductio n to Language and Communication. The MIT Press, 2001)Dog and Bird: Quite a number of words have undergone semantic broadening in the history of English. The modern English word dog, for example, derives from the earlier form dogge, which was originally a particularly powerful breed of dog that originated in England. The word bird derives from the earlier word bridde, which originally referred only to young birds while still in the nest, but it has now been semantically broadened to refer to any birds at all.(Terry Crowley and Claire Bowern, An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2010)Thing, Companion, Broadcast, and Pudding: The word thing is a classic example of such broadening. In Old English and Old Norse, this word meant a public assembly. In present-day Icelandic, a language with similar Germanic roots to English, it still does. In Modern English, however, it has now been extended so much that it simply means an entity of any kind. The word companion provides another example. It used to mean someone who eats bread with you (see Italian con  with plus pain  bread); now it means someone who is with you. The word broadcast, which only a couple of centuries ago meant to sow seeds, has now, in this technological age, been extended to include the spreading of information on television and radio. Pudding, which today is usually sweet and eaten for dessert, comes from the French word boudin, meaning a sausage made with animal intestines, a meaning retained in English black pudding.(Andrew Radford,  et al.,  Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009)You Guys and Sell-by Date: A recent generalization or  semantic broadening  has taken place in the phrase you guys in AmE, which is no  longer restricted to men and can refer to mixed company, or even women only. Sell-by date also shows an extended meaning (metaphor) in Kennedy kept Hoover on past his sell-by date.(Stephan Gramley and Kurt- Michael Pà ¤tzold,A Survey of Modern English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004)Religious Terms: - Extension or Generalization. A lexeme widens its meaning. Numerous examples of this process have occurred in the religious field, where office, doctrine, novice, and many other terms have taken on a more general, secular meaning.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2003)- An example of broadening of meaning is the change from holy day as a religious feast to the very general break from work called a holiday.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006)Semantic Shift and Semantic Broadening: Semantic shift represents an extension of a words meaning with the loss of its earlier meaning (e.g. pineapple no longer means fir cone in standard English).  Semantic broadening  is such extension without the loss of the original meaning. For example,  tea in most English Creoles  refers not only to the infus ion made from various leaves, but also to any hot drink.(John Holm,  An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge University Press, 2000)Bleaching and Grammaticalization: Thing used to refer to an assembly or council, but in time came to refer to anything. In modern English slang, the same development has been affecting the word shit, whose basic meaning feces has broadened to become synonymous with thing or stuff in some contexts (Dont touch my shit; Ive got a lot of shit to take care of this weekend). If a words meaning becomes so vague that one is hard-pressed to ascribe any specific meaning to it anymore, it is said to have undergone bleaching. Thing and shit above are both good examples. When a words meaning is broadened so that it loses its status as a full-content lexeme and becomes either a function word or an affix, it is said to undergo grammaticalization.(Benjamin W. Forston IV, An Approach to Semantic Change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ed. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)

Analysis Of The Movie Breakfast At Tiffany s

â€Å"Oscars So White† a phrase that began trending on social media sites after the 2016 Academy Awards announce their nominees for Best Actor and Best Actress, it was predominately white for a second year in a row. The movie industry is no stranger to controversy and since its inception it’s constantly been guilty of underrepresenting ethnic people. It’s evident that film is a type of mass media that has a certifiable amount of power to influence audience’s views, yet this platform constantly disregards the need for diversity in favor of stereotypes. Movies such as Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), Scarface (1983), and Pan (2015) are all guilty of this. The depiction of non-American characters in Hollywood movies are constructed around racial†¦show more content†¦For instance, in one his scenes Mr. Yunioshi is awoken by the ringing of a doorbell, he immediately stands up from his mattress on the floor only to hit his head on a lantern and stu mble across his room looking for his glasses; once he regains his balance, he opens the front door and screams at Holly Golighty (the main character portrayed by Audrey Hepburn) in broken English (that was produced due to his heavy â€Å"Japanese† accent). At face value this particular scene was supposed to add to the comedic element of the film; however, if we take a closer look, it is evident that racial stereotypes are embedded within the physical and behavioral aspects of the character as well as the environment. In the aforementioned scene, Mr. Yunioshi’s apartment is exceedingly stereotyped, because his mattress on the floor signifies that (in terms of socio-economic class) he’s poor, while the decorations in his apartment, such as the lanterns and various plants, are used to overly emphasize that he is Japanese. Of course, his physical features effect his behavior because of his poor sight and slurred speech, he’s depicted as a clumsy and grumpy pe rson. Furthermore, I acknowledge that it was normal to use racially-charged humor in this era, but it’s movies like these that utilize comedy as a form of justifying the use of whitewashing and racial stereotyping; therefore, making it difficult to overcome stereotypes. Scarface is another classic film in which,Show MoreRelatedPleasantville1586 Words   |  7 PagesTiffany Niemiller November 15th, 2010 Utopia/Dystopia Dr. Viau Pleasantville Pleasantville is a great movie with many hidden messages. 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Case Study Health Issue Of Obesity - 1331 Words

Unit IV Research Paper - Case Study Stage 3 Health Issue The health issue I will be addressing in my case study is obesity, which is a growing health issue in every age category. Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern. It increases your risk of diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Obesity and Stress Stress affects eating, although in different ways for different people. About half of people eat more when they are under stress, and half eat less (Taylor, 2012, p.100). As a mother of three, working full time, attending college, and maintaining a healthy relationship with her husband Misty has plenty of dealings with stress. However, her full time job seems to be riddled with stressful factors such as changing hours, working double shifts, and a competitive edge that leaves her feeling battered and exhausted at the end of the day. 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Economics of Baseball Revenue Sharing Free Essays

Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing Major League Baseball is the highest level of professional baseball in the United States and Canada. The organization is comprised of a partnership between the National League, founded in 1876, and the American League, founded in 1901. There are currently 30 teams in Major League Baseball, 14 in the American League and 16 in the National League. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Since 1903, the best of both of these leagues have met in the World Series, with the winner of the best-of-7 series being declared World Champion† (Burnett). When the World Series ends, baseball’s business season starts. Receipts are tallied to determine how much the teams that earned the most will have to pay the teams that have earned the least. Large market teams like the New York Yankees, Boston Red Sox, Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Chicago cubs â€Å"have an overwhelming advantage over smaller market teams which created an uneven playing field† (Alice). Revenue sharing gives small market teams like the Kansas City Royals, Tampa Bay Rays, Florida Marlins, and the Pittsburgh Pirates, a better chance at success by providing more resources to improve their roster. In 1999, a â€Å"blue ribbon† panel commissioned by MLB found that â€Å"baseball franchises traditionally generate and retain a large majority of their revenue locally† (Jacobson) rather than nationally, causing a large and growing revenue disparity. Vince Gennaro, author of Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning In Baseball, found that 70 to 80 percent of a team’s total revenue is contributed to local revenue. Local revenues consist of gate receipts, local television, radio and cable rights fees, ballpark concessions, advertising and publications, parking, suite rentals, postseason, and spring training. Revenues that are retained locally are a problem because all teams participate in the same national labor market. MLB has no salary cap; therefore, it is the teams’ decision how much they spend on payroll. The teams with the largest revenues have higher payrolls and are able to obtain and make offers on players that teams with lower payrolls cannot. As big market teams began setting up their own sports networks on cable, the revenue disparities accelerated. The clubs started profiting directly from subscriber fees and advertising sales. At the same ime, other clubs began to benefit from building new stadiums. According to the Report of the Independent Member of the Commissioner’s Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics, the amount of a club’s payroll is determined by the amount of the club’s revenue and it has been argued that â€Å"the size of a club’s payroll is the most important factor in determining how competitive the club will be† (Ela njin and Pachamanova). It showed in just five years the ratio of local revenues between the top seven clubs and the bottom fourteen clubs more than doubled from 5. :1 in 1995 to 14. 7:1 in 1999, because of fast growth rates on already large revenues (8). The ratio of payroll spending between the highest and lowest clubs went from 2:1 in the 1980s to 3. 5:1 in the 1990s (9). From 1995 to 1999, no clubs from the 14 lowest payroll-spending teams won a Division Series game or a League Championship game and no clubs from the bottom 23 clubs won a World Series game (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 2-9). All of the World Series Championships have been won by one of the top payroll spending teams. The conclusion was drawn that these problems were getting worse and unless the MLB took action, the problems would remain severe. They would have to break more than a century’s worth of tradition, â€Å"to ensure baseball’s broad and enduring popularity, and to guarantee it’s future growth† (Levin, Mitchell, Volcker, and Will p. 13). The panel recommended that the league should impose revenue sharing, a competitive balance tax, central fund distributions, a competitive balance draft, reforms to the Rule 4 Draft, and should utilize franchise relocation. Revenue sharing money comes from two pools. The first is central funds revenue, which comes from national television and radio deals, MLB Advanced Media, merchandise sales, and the MLB network. The other is net local revenue, which comes from ticket sales, concessions and media deals that each club negotiates individually. â€Å"Against that money, each club is hit with a marginal rate of 31 percent, which is applied across the board to each of the 30 clubs† (Brown). In October 2006, the MLB and the players association reached an agreement that requires all teams to pay 34 percent into a common pool, which is than split evenly among all 30 teams. The Competitive Balance tax, also known as the Luxury Tax, penalizes teams with high payrolls by making them pay a tax rate to the MLB central fund, based on how far they go over their payroll ceiling on opening day. Only four teams have broken the threshold since it was put in place in 2003, the Yankees, Red Sox, Angels and, Tigers. The Yankees have â€Å"exceeded it every year, paying $25,689,173 last year, a high of $33,978,702 in 2005, and a grand total of $174,183,419 over seven years† (Brown). As of 2010, clubs are taxed if they exceed $170 million in total player payroll. Teams who exceed this amount get a further â€Å"repeat offenders† penalty, which raises the percentage they pay to 40 percent. In 2009 alone, $433 million of wealth was transferred from high to low revenue teams (Brown). Major League’s revenue sharing agreement does not dictate what the recipients must do with the money once it is received. Simply stated by Baseball’s collective bargaining agreement, all that is required by teams is that they must use their revenue sharing money â€Å"in an effort to improve its performance on the field†. This is so vague; the money can virtually go anywhere, even the club owner’s pockets. The main problem is that the teams receiving payments use them as their primary source of income. This allows them to keep their payrolls low but continue to receive large revenue sharing payments. Two of the biggest offenders of this are the Florida Marlins and the Tampa Bay Rays. In 2003, the Marilins won the World Series with a team of â€Å"great young players† and â€Å"talented veterans† that included Josh Beckett, Brad Penny, Mike Lowell, and Ivan Rodriguez. That year, the team had a payroll of $49. 5 million (Cohen). Rather than keeping the players that made up that payroll, they traded Penny and Beckett for much cheaper players, and lost Lowell and Rodriguez to free agency. â€Å"By shedding these stars, Florida was able to cut its payroll down to $14. 9 million in 2006, which is less than 20% of the Major League average of $78 million. It was also less than half of th e $31 million in revenue sharing dollars the team received that year. † Instead of using the money to buy or retain talented players, the owners used it as part of the teams $43 million profit in 2006 (Ray). The most extreme example of revenue sharing offenders has been the Tampa Bay Rays. From 2002 to 2006, the Rays received an average of $32 million a year in revenue sharing payments (Ray). In 2006, the team had a payroll of $35. 4 million (Cohen), $42 million less than the 2006 league average. â€Å"It won only 38 percent of its games and filled less than 40 percent of its seats for home games†¦ and collected more than $30 million in revenue sharing† (Lewis). Other teams, like the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Kansas City Royals, also received significant revenue sharing money but have kept their payrolls low. In Contrast, teams like the Colorado Rockies, have not been so frugal with their money. They received $16 million in 2006 and increased their payroll by around $15 million the following season (Lewis). Since 1999, millions of dollars have been transferred from richer big market teams to poorer small market teams in an attempt to create competitive balance and allow all 30 teams to share in the economic advantages associated with playing in big market teams; a large fan base, lots of press coverage, lucrative cable television contracts, and high payrolls and revenues. However, baseball doesn’t force revenue sharing recipients to use the money on payroll. All that is required is that the team uses the money to improve the product on the field. The system hasn’t restored any true competitive balance for the league since, generally speaking, we see the same teams in the World Series year after year. The stark reality is that lower payroll and smaller market teams can make more money by losing than they can by winning because of revenue sharing. So long as the rules and regulation in Major League Baseball remain lax and enforcement stays nonexistent, teams will continue to take advantage of the system. Work Cited Alice, Lynette. â€Å"Examining why MLB revenue sharing doesn’t work. † Helium. 2002-2010 Helium, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Brown, Maury. â€Å"Revenue Sharing Is Making An Impact. † Baseball America. 2 Mar. 2010. Baseball America, Inc. 10 Dec. 2010. Burnett, Dashielle. â€Å"Major League Baseball. † Business Insider. 6 Dec 2010. Business Insider, Inc. 11 Dec. 2010. Cohen, Gary. The Baseball Cube Statistics. 2002. 17 Dec. 2010 Elanjian, Michael, and Dessislava A. Pachamanova. â€Å"Is Revenue Sharing Working for Major League Baseball? A Historical Perspective†. The Sport Journal. Volume 12. Number 2. United States Sports Academy, 2009. 8 Dec. 2010. Gennaro, Vince. Diamond Dollars: The Economics of Winning in Baseball. Hingham, Massachusetts: Maple Street Press, 2007. Jacobson, David. â€Å"MLB’s Revenue-Sharing Formula. † BNET – The CBS Interactive Business Network. 14 July 2008. CBS Interactive. 8 Dec. 2010. Levin, Richard C. , George J. Mitchell, Paul A. Volcker, and George F. Will. â€Å"The Report of the Independent Members of the Commissioners Blue Ribbon Panel on Baseball Economics†. The Official Site of Major League Baseball. MLB Advanced Media, L. P. , July 2000. PDF. 11 Dec. 2010. Lewis, Michael. â€Å"Baseball’s Losing Formula. † The New York Times. 3 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010. Ray, James Lincoln. â€Å"Baseball’s Revenue Sharing Problem: Major League Baseball Hurt By Teams Who Don’t Spend Money On Players. † Suite101. 12 Nov. 2007. 11 Dec. 2010 How to cite Economics of Baseball: Revenue Sharing, Essay examples

Professional Nursing Perspectives on Communication

Question: Describe about the Professional Nursing for Perspectives on Communication. Answer: Nurses need to build a strong therapeutic relationship with their clients to deliver patient-centered care (Cunico et al., 2012). Nurses need to ensure secure and efficient communication when dealing with the patient as it is recognized as a cornerstone of safe and effective therapeutic relationships. A patient requires an environment that is rich in confidentiality, trust, safety, empathy, understanding and respect. The communication skills, which are essential for a therapeutic relationship, are respect, reflective listening, sensitivity, self-awareness, and empathy. The essay discusses these skills for a therapeutic relationship in subsequent sections and ones, which are essential to meet the NMBA (Nursing and Midwifery Association) RN (registered nurse) standards for practice related to engagement in therapeutic and professional relationships (2016). Nurses need communication skills not only for the patient but also when dealing with other colleagues and health professionals to f oster the culture of safety and learning, share knowledge and practice that promotes patient-centered care (Glass, 2010). The essay ends with the conclusion containing integrated overview of the discussion. Nurses must maintain patients respect and dignity of the patient, which is the central concept in nursing. Respect can be defined as realizing the worth, dignity, and uniqueness of a person irrespective of personal attributes, nature of the illness and the socioeconomic status (Harvey Koteyko, 2012). Respect refers to the position or a quality of being esteemed. Respect in nursing profession demands engagement and is concerned with value. The nurse needs to treat the patient with worth, value and respect their culture, rights, and beliefs (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). According to Glass, (2010) respect is an action to be performed and not merely an emotion and is a way to show compassion to the patients for their healing during their struggle with illness. The responsibility of upholding the standards of care rests on the nurses; therefore "humanity, respect and dignity" should be the foundations of the nursing practice (Rooke, 2014). Respecting patient leads to the positive impact on patients health as it uplifts their self-esteem and confidence. This strengthens the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the patient. These components help in promoting mental health and preventing mental illness. It helps to understand clients aspirations in life, priorities, limits, abilities, and needs. Therefore, nurses can respond accordingly to comfort and relieve the suffering of the patients. This induces the patients and colleagues to respond positively to such positive attitude and reignite confidence to recover (Henry et al., 2015). Reflective listening is the communication skill where the listener focuses on the conversation minimizing any possible distraction (Bulman Schutz, 2013). The communication strategy that involves listening to the speakers idea and offering back the same idea to confirm if it was well understood by the listener is called as reflective listening. It is a method used by nurses to embrace the perspective of the clients without being judgmental. Repetition, paraphrasing and summarizing are the element applied when the reflective listening is practiced. Reflective listening is also essential when communicative with other health professionals and colleagues to develop strong collaboration. According to the second NMBA standard of "therapeutic and professional relationship," nurses need to understand the fact that all the patients have different lived experiences in their life due to diseases (Griffith Tengnah, 2014). In therapeutic setting reflective listening has been found to play a positive role. Reflective listening also encourages the nurse-patient relationship to be more open and active. Better the therapeutic relationship the more is the disclosure of the feelings (Barbosa et al., 2013). It is encouraging to patients when they know that the medical practitioner is listening to them and it allows speaking clearly and concisely. This further improves the cognitive content, which better helps in problem solving with patient by effective counseling (Fedoruk Hofmeyer, 2012). The patient feels accepted without any reasonable judgments. The patient is encouraged to express their feelings and emotions. Through this, the nurse has an opportunity to identify the patients uncomfortable feelings, the various emotions displayed and prepare to better focus on the clinical situation. Empathy is the communication skill that demonstrates the presence of emotional and intellectual awareness of thoughts, perspectives, behavior and feelings of another person even those that are unpleasant or disturbing (Cunico et al., 2012). Empathy is necessary for nurses to support patients and direct them to resources "to optimize health-related decisions (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards, 2016). However, nurses must be able to differentiate the boundaries between the personal and professional relationship (Barbosa et al., 2013). In nursing, empathy plays an essential role by helping the patient feel understood and accepted strengthening the therapeutic relationship. Empathy improves the coping skills of the patient as they respond positively on being accepted and respond accordingly to the nurses efforts. Patients treated by empathic nurse progresses in treatment faster than those who do not get the same service (Moss, 2015). Through clinical empathy, a nurse can understand the needs, situation of the patient, their feeling, and perspectives. Through empathy, the nurse can help people overcome negative experiences by acting on the understanding in a therapeutic manner (Webb, 2011). Sensitivity is the ability or the quality to understand the concerns of other people (Rooke, 2014). Cultural sensitivity also allows efficient delivery of patient care by understanding the faith, gender, disability, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and race. Nurses must be sensitive to cultures other than their own, such awareness and sensitivity determines better patient outcomes (Mareno Hart, 2014). On the other hand, the prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, portray the lack of sensitivity and are major barriers to the delivery of culturally competent care. Sensitivity improves the ethical performance of the nurses as well as strengthens the therapeutic relationship between the nurses and the patients. Nurses sensitivity of Patients traumatic experiences, pain and agony had better allow them to meet the care needs and bridge the communication gap with the patients. Sensitivity helps nurses to realize the fears of the patient and the coping skills. Therefore, nurses can respond to the challenging situation without losing connection with others (Hoeve et al., 2014). Lack of sensitivity increases stress among nurses and decreases the ability of problem-solving which in turns also affects their moral sensitivity (Lawrence, Kiernan, 2015). An individual with self-awareness has consciousness knowledge about one's individuality and personality. It is the ability to introspect one's feelings, character, desires, and motives (Sans et al., 2015). This self-awareness is important in the life of a nurse and the therapeutic relationship with the patients. With self-awareness, a nurse can change the thoughts and interpretations made in mind. According to Chambers et al., (2013) self-awareness is the key attribute of emotional intelligence and an essential factor for success. A nurse with high self-awareness is better able to take control of the situation. It is beneficial when communicating with and caring the patient. Before helping patients, nurses should have clarity in thoughts and behavior patterns to understand and empathize facilitating better personal and professional relationships (Mareno Hart, 2014). Nurse with self-awareness can promote problem solving in the patients. Without self-awareness, it is difficult for the nurses to affirm qualities and actions of the patients (Zeller Levin, 2013). There are several communication barriers to develop effective therapeutic relationship. These include shortage of nurses, language barrier, fear, education and experience gaps (Webb, 2011). In hospital, patients visit from diverse cultures and linguistic background. Nurses who are not culturally competent are unable to communicate and develop therapeutic relationship with patients. Shortage of nurses increases physical and emotional stress and job burnout due which nurses fail to meet the care needs of the clients leading to their dissatisfaction and poor patient retention. Further, less experienced or educated nurse finds difficult to understand the medical terminology, concepts which adds to confusion and errors. These communication barriers may lead to misdiagnosis and therefore, communication improvement plans are essential to overcome such barrier. Engaging in reflective practice is an effective method to overcome communication barriers. It helps to identify personal merits and demerits. Further, nurses must develop cultural competency by understanding and respecting the values of other culture. They may undertake training to enhance these skills. In addition, nurses must involve in continuous education and learning process that will eventually develop their knowledge and communication skills (). In conclusion, therapeutic relationship ensures meaningful therapy. Applying the nursing principles to the practice require nurses to be transparent, therapeutic and ethical with the patients and colleagues and discuss any issue of major concern related to a profession with trusted colleague. Self-awareness, empathy, sensitivity, genuineness and reflective listening are essential components to build the effective therapeutic relationship with patients. A nurse demonstrating these communication skills discussed in the essay can win patients trust and promote positive mental health. In professional relationship RNs achieve improved health outcome using delegation, supervision, consultation, coordination and referrals in professional relationships (Rooke, 2014). The NMBA standard also requires nurses to report the notifiable conduct of health professionals, colleagues, and others. Therapeutic relationship with colleagues is essential to foster good career prospects and learn ways to imp rove practice. According to Griffith Tengnah, (2014) it is the nursing principle to help colleagues to prevent the breach of professional boundaries and report any violations to the authority (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). References Barbosa, P., Raymond, G., Zlotnick, C., Wilk, J., Toomey III, R., Mitchell III, J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction training is associated with greater empathy and reduced anxiety for health care graduate students.Education for Health,26(1), 9. Bulman, C., Schutz, S. (Eds.). (2013).Reflective practice in nursing. John Wiley Sons. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013).Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Cengage Learning. Chambers, D., Thompson, S., Narayanasamy, A. (2013). Engendering cultural responsive care: A reflective model for nurse education.Journal of Nursing Education and Practice,3(1), 70. Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: A longitudinal cohort study.Journal of Clinical Nursing,21(13à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 14), 2016-2025. Fedoruk, M., Hofmeyer, A. (2012). Becoming a nurse: Transition to practice. Australia: Oxford. Felstead, I. (2013). Role modeling and students' professional development.British Journal of Nursing,22(4), 10-15. Glass, N. (2010).Interpersonal relating: Health care perspectives on communication, stress and crisis. Palgrave Macmillan Australia. Griffith, R., Tengnah, C. (2014).Law and professional issues in nursing. Learning Matters. Harvey, K., Koteyko, N. (2012).Exploring health communication: language in action. Routledge. Henry, L. M., Rushton, C., Beach, M. C., Faden, R. (2015). Respect and dignity: A conceptual model for patients in the Intensive Care Unit.Narrative inquiry in Bioethics,5(1), 5A-14A. Hoeve, Y. T., Jansen, G., Roodbol, P. (2014). The nursing profession: public image, selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ concept and professional identity. A discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing,70(2), 295-309. Lawrence, J., Perrin, C., Kiernan, E. (2015).Building Professional Nursing Communication. Cambridge University Press. Mareno, N., Hart, P. L. (2014). Cultural competency among nurses with undergraduate and graduate degrees: implications for nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives,35(2), 83-88. Moss, B. (2015).Communication skills in health and social care. Sage. Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, (2016). Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. Retrieved 6 October 2016, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/ Rooke, N. (2014). An evaluation of nursing and midwifery sign off mentors, new mentors and nurse lecturers' understanding of the sign off mentor role. Nurse Education in Practice,14(1), 43-48. Sans, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., Benito, E. (2015). Palliative care professionals' inner life: exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care, and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burnout, and coping with death.Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(2), 200-207. Webb, L. (2011).Nursing: Communication skills in practice. Oxford University Press. Zeller, J. M., Levin, P. F. (2013). Mindfulness interventions to reduce stress among nursing personnel: An occupational health perspective. Workplace Health Safety,61(2), 85.